| Condition | Red Flags |
| Cauda Equina | Saddle anesthesia. Recent onset of bladder dysfunction, such as urinary retention, increased frequency, or overflow incontinence. |
| Cancer | Age >/= 50. Previous history of cancer. Unexplained weight loss. Failure to improve with one month therapy. No relief with bed rest. |
| Infection | IV drug abuse. Urinary tract or skin infection. |
| Fracture | Age >/= 50. Trauma. Corticosteroid use. |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | Age < 40. Pain not relieved supine. Morning back stiffness. Pain duration >/= 3 months. |
| Spinal Stenosis | Pseudoclaudication. Age >/= 50 years. |
| Neurologic Compromise | Location of pain, alteration of sensation, muscle strength, or reflexes. |
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